Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health conditions, often characterised by persistent worry, fear, and avoidance. A key factor underlying many anxiety disorders is intolerance of uncertainty (IU), which is the tendency to perceive uncertain situations as threatening and to struggle with the discomfort of not knowing what will happen. Intolerance of uncertainty is not simply “disliking surprises.” Clinically, it manifests as an excessive need for certainty, overthinking, and...

Many adults struggle with longstanding emotional patterns that interfere with relationships, work, and overall wellbeing. These patterns often develop early in life and are maintained by deeply ingrained beliefs and coping strategies, known as schemas. Schema therapy is an evidence-based approach designed to identify and modify these maladaptive patterns, supporting lasting emotional change. Schemas are broad, pervasive themes about oneself and others, formed through early experiences. Common...

Overthinking is something many adults experience, often without fully understanding why. You replay conversations, worry about future...